Fielding Positions in Cricket

Following is the picture demonstrating the various fielding positions in a Cricket Pitch briefly.

Please Read n See the explanations and Picture assuming that the batsman at striking position is  right-handed.
Lets have some close look at each position :

A. OffSide :- The half of the field away from the batsman's legs as he stands in the batting stance

1. Slip : Fielding position just to the off side of the wicket-keeper's position, a static catching position designed to catch the ball after it hits the edge of the bat and deflects only a small amount, different slip positions are,
1st slip : First fielder to the right of wicket keeper.
2nd slip : Second fielder to the right of wicket keeper.
3rd slip : Third fielder to the right of wicket keeper.
4th slip : Fourth fielder to the right of the wicket keeper.

2. Point :Fielding position on the off side, square of the striker's wicket, a position designed to either catch the ball from a misplaced cut shot, or to prevent runs from cut shots, square drives, and defensive strokes square on the off side; fielding position between gully and cover. Different point fielding positions are :
Point : as explained above
Silly point : Fielding position on the off side, square of the striker's wicket and very close to the batsman, a static position designed to catch the ball from a misplaced block or other defensive shot.
Cover point : Fielding position on the off side, about 15 degrees forward of square, between cover and point.
Backward point : Fielding position covering on the fraction of the field behind of the batsman's popping crease

3. Gully : fielding position on the off side, about 30 degrees behind square, a static catching position designed to catch the ball after it hits the edge of the bat and deflects a long way, or for misplaced cut shots; fielding position between the slips and point.

4. Mid off :Fielding position on the off side, about 60-75 degrees forward of square, a position designed to prevent runs from off drives, and defensive strokes on the off side; fielding position between cover and the bowler's wicket. Different Mid-off fielding positions are,
Mid off : As explained above
Short Mid off :
Silly Mid off : Fielding position on the off side, forward of the striker's wicket and very close to the batsman, a static position designed to catch the ball from a misplaced block or other defensive shot.

5. Cover : Fielding position on the off side, about 30 degrees forward of square, a position designed to prevent runs from cover drives, and defensive strokes on the off side; fielding position between point and mid off. Different cover fielding positions are,
Cover : As explained above
Extra Cover : fielding position on the off side, about 45 degrees forward of square, between cover and mid off.
Deep Cover : Fielding position on the off side, about 30 degrees forward of square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from cover drives.
Deep Extra Cover :

6. Long off : Fielding position on the off side, about 60-75 degrees forward of square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from off drives or catch long, lofted off drives.

7. Third man :Fielding position on the off side, behind square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from edges that beat the slip and gully fielders.

8. Some orthodox fielding positions are :
Sweeper : Field position in the deep outfield near the boundary, designed to cover a lot of territory and prevent runs when the ball is hit into that area, usually either a deep midwicket or deep cover.
Fly Slip : Fielding position behind any of the regular slip positions but will be nearer to inner circle.

B. LegSide :- The half of the field on the same side as the batsman's legs as he stands in the batting stance, Also called as OnSide.

1. Leg Slip : fielding position just to the leg side of the wicket-keeper's position, a static catching position designed to catch the ball after it hits the edge of the bat and deflects only a small amount.

2. Square Leg : fielding position on the leg side, square of the striker's wicket, a position designed to either catch the ball from a misplaced pull shot, or to prevent runs from pull shots and defensive strokes square on the leg side; fielding position between leg gully and midwicket.
Different Square leg positions are :
Square leg : As explained above
Deep Square leg : Fielding position on the leg side, square of the striker's wicket and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from pull or sweep shots or catch lofted pulls or hooks.
Short backward Square leg :
Deep backward Square leg :

3. Mid Wicket : Fielding position on the leg side, about 30-45 degrees forward of square, a position designed to either catch the ball from a misplaced pull shot, or to prevent runs from on drives, and defensive strokes on the on side; fielding position between square leg and mid on.
Different Mid wicket positions are,
Mid Wicket : As explained above
Deep Mid wicket : Fielding position on the leg side, about 30 degrees forward of square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from pull shots or catch lofted pulls.

4. Mid on : Fielding position on the leg side, about 60-75 degrees forward of square, a position designed to prevent runs from on drives, and defensive strokes on the on side; fielding position between midwicket and the bowler's wicket. Other midon positions are,
Mid on : As explained above
Silly Mid on : fielding position on the leg side, forward of the striker's wicket and very close to the batsman, a static position designed to catch the ball from a misplaced block or other defensive shot.

5. Fine Leg : Fielding position on the leg side, behind square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from leg glances. Other fine leg positions are,
Fine leg : As explained above
Short Fine Leg :

6. Long on : Fielding position on the leg side, behind square and near the boundary, a position designed to prevent runs from leg glances.

7. Other Orthodox positions on leg side are,
Cow corner : Colloquial term for the region of the field foreward of deep square leg, where unskilled batsmen tend to hit the ball in the air when attempting to hit hard and score boundaries.
Long Leg : Is between deep backward square leg and fine leg
Short Leg : Fielding position on the leg side, square of the striker's wicket and very close to the batsman, a static position designed to catch the ball from a misplaced block or other defensive shot; synonym for bat-pad.

C. Fixed positions :1. Wicket keeping : Field position behind wickets where the wicket keeper stands
2. Striker : Position of Batsman taking the strike
3. Runner : position of batsman at runners end.
4. Bowling position : Position (its actually a path) followed by bowler before releasing the ball
5. Umpire :
6. Square Leg umpire :

Roger federer

Roger Federer is the Swiss tennis player whose five (seven in all)consecutive titles at Wimbledon (2003-2007 and 2009, 2012) made him the dominant men's player in the world. Federer turned Wimbledon, before being knocked out himself in the quarterfinals. Federer won the men's singles title at Wimbledon in 2003, and in 2004 he again won Wimbledon and added the Australian and U.S. Opens, with only a third-round loss in the French Open keeping him from the Grand Slam. In 2005 Federer won his third consecutive Wimbledon (defeating Andy Roddick in the finals for the second year in a row) and then defeated Andre Agassi for his second straight U.S. Open title. In 2006 he lost to Rafael Nadal in the finals of the French Open, beat Nadal in the finals at Wimbledon and defeated Andy Roddick to win the U.S. Open. His victory at the Wimbledon Open in 2012 gave him a total of 17 Grand Slam titles.

ro in 1998 after a stellar career in junior competition. He made a name for himself in 2001 by beating defending champion Pete Sampras at
Federer's father is Swiss, but his mother is from South Africa... Federer had no coach during 2004, the year he was first ranked as the world's best tennis player... Nike first approached Federer with a sponsorship deal in 1996, two years before he turned pro... Federer has never won the French Open, but has won each of the other three tennis majors at least three times: the Australian Open in 2004, 2006 and 2007, the U.S. Open in 2004, 2005 and 2006, and Wimbledon in 2003-2006.

Fact file :

Personal :

Name: Roger Federer

Birthdate: August 8, 1981 (08.40 a.m.)

Sign: Leo

Birthplace: Basel, Switzerland

Residence: Oberwil, Switzerland

Parents: Robert and Lynette

Sibling: An older sister, Diana

Languages: Swiss German, German, English, French and Italian

Marital Status: A girlfriend, Miroslava "Mirka" Vavrinec

Height: 186 cm

Weight: 84 kg

Professional :

Plays: Right-handed (one-handed backhand)

Racquet: Wilson

Shoes and Clothing: Nike

Turned Pro: 1998

Current Entry Ranking Position: 1

Highest Entry Ranking Position: 1 (February 2, 2004)

Current Champions Race Position: 1

Highest Champions Race Position: 1 (July 7, 2003)

Highest Doubles Entry Ranking Position: 24 (June 9, 2003)

Grand slam :

Singles :

Wins (17 ) :

Australian Open : 2004 2006 2007 2010

Wimbledon : 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2009 2012

U.S. Open : 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

French Open 2009

Runner (8) :

Australian Open : 2009

Wimbledon :  2008 2014

U.S. Open : 2009

French Open : 2006 2007 2008 2011

Other :

** Federer runs a foundation by name Roger Federer Foundation, based at Basil, Swiss to help disadvantaged children based in south Africa, to promote sport for young people focusing on tennis around the world.

** Federer is a good will ambassador of UNICEF. He recently visited India in support to the rehabilitation activities by UNICEF in TSUNAMI hit Tamil Nadu State.

Thanks askme.com
Appologies for improper formatting,spelling n grammatical mistakes .
results given above are till Australian open 2007. will not be updated further.

Different types USA visas : At a glance :

Different types USA visas : At a glance :

The more informative answer, there are well over a hundred or so different categories. They are divided into two main groups, immigrant and non-immigrant.

Non-immigrant categories are then divided into families identified by the letters of the alphabet. So there are A-type visas, B-type visas, C-type, D-type, and so on. Every couple of years, law changes require that the list of visas is changed. Currently, the highest letter used is V.

These categories are then subdivided into classes, such as B-2 or H-1

Some classes are further divided. For instance, there is an H-1B and an H-1C (there also used to be an H-1A, but it has been phased out).

Usually, for each status, there is a corresponding visa, and vice versa. There are exceptions, noted below.

Here is a list of all non-immigrant visa families that currently exist (see also http://www.immigration.gov/graphics/services/visas.htm for more information). For a list of all immigrant visa categories, please see the Department of State's Visa Bulletin

Family	Description
A	Diplomats of foreign countries. · A-1: Ambassadors and career diplomats, and their immediate families. · A-2: Other embassy employees and their immediate families. · A-3: Personal servants of A-1 and A-2, and their immediate families.
B	Visitors. · B-1: Visitors for business · B-2: Visitors for pleasure Most visas in this family are actually issued as B-1/B-2 combinations. This means that you can come to the US either on business or as a tourist, as you like. People who travel to the US on the visa waiver program (VWPP) are also considered to have a B-1 or B-2 visa, but have special restrictions. There is no "immediate family" type for this visa category. Family members simply get the same type of visa on their own. When you apply for either a B-1 or a B-2 visa, you are usually issued a combination visa called a B-1/B-2. This simply means that you can use it to travel to the US either for business or for pleasure, whichever you prefer. Once you arrive in the US, you will only have one or the other status. You will be either a B-1 or a B-2, but not both. As a special exception, somebody who enters the US as a B-1 business visitor can change to B-2 (tourist) without filing an application to change status. The change happens automatically simply when the purpose of your business trip is accomplished. However, it does not work the other way round! So it would be permissible for you to come to the US for a convention in Dallas, and then spend two weeks in Hawaii on vacation. However, it would not be allowed to spend two weeks in Hawaii first, and then go to Dallas for a convention!
C	Transit visa. This is for people who travel through the US to some other destination. · C-1: Alien in transit directly through the US. · C-1D: Combination crewman/transit visa. · C-2: Alien in transit to UN headquarters. This is how people such as Fidel Castro come to the US even though they are otherwise ineligible to travel here. · C-3: Foreign government officials and members of their immediate family and attendants in transit · C-4: Transit without visa (TWOV). Obviously, this is only a status but not a visa. There is no "immediate family" type for this visa category. Family members simply get the same type of visa on their own, with the exception of C-3.
D	Crewmember · D-1: Crewmember departing on the same vessel. · D-2: Crewmember departing on a different vessel. There is no "immediate family" type for this visa category.
E	Treaty Trader · E-1: Treaty Trader and immediate family. · E-2: Treaty Investor and immediate family.
F	Academic student · F-1: Student · F-2: Spouse and child
G	Foreign government officials to international organizations · G-1: Principal resident representative, and members of immediate family. · G-2: Other representative, and members of immediate family. · G-3: Representative non-recognized or non-member government, and members of their immediate family. · G-4: International organization officer or employee, and members of their immediate family. · G-5: Attendant of G-1, G-2, G-3 or G-4, and members of their immediate family.
H	Guest worker · H-1B: Speciality worker, DOD worker, fashion model. · H-1C: Nurses. · H-2A: Temporary agricultural worker. · H-2B: Temporary worker, skilled and unskilled. · H-3: Trainee. · H-4: Spouse and child of an H-1, H-2 or H-3.
I	Foreign media representative
J	Exchange visitor · J-1: Exchange visitor. · J-2: Spouse or child.
K	Fiancee or spouse of a US citizen · K-1: Fiancee of a US citizen. · K-2: Minor child of a K-1. · K-3: Spouse of a US citizen under the LIFE Act. · K-4: Child of a K-3
L	Intracompany transferee · L-1A: Executive or manager. · L-1B: Specialized knowledge. · L-2: Spouse or child of an L-1.
M	Vocational and language students · M-1: Vocational or other nonacademic student. · M-2: Spouse or child of an M-1.
N	Relatives of certain special immigrants · N-8: Parents of alien classified as SK-3 Special Immigrant. · N-9: Child of N-8 or of SK-1, SK-2 or SK-4
O	Workers with extraordinary abilities · O-1: Extraordinary ability in Sciences, Arts, Education, Business, or Athletics. · O-2: Support personell for an O-1. · O-3: Spouse or child of an O-1 or O-2
P	Athletes and entertainers · P-1: Individual or team athlete, or entertainment group. · P-2: Artist or entertainer in reciprocal exchange program. · P-3: Artists or entertainers in culturally unique programs. · P-4: Spouse or child of P-1, P-2 or P-3.
Q	International cultural exchange visitors · Q-1: International cultural exchange visitor. · Q-2: Irish Peace Program. · Q-3: Spouse or Child of Q-2.
R	Religious worker · R-1: Religious worker. · R-2: Spouse or child.
S	Witness and informant · S-5: Informant of criminal organization information. · S-6: Informant of terrorism information.
T	Victims of human trafficking · T-1: Victim. · T-2: Spouse of T-1. · T-3: Child of T-1. · T-4: Parent of T-1, if T-1 is under 21 years of age.
U	Victims of certain crimes · U-1: Victim. · U-2: Spouse of U-1. · U-3: Child of U-1. · U-4: Parent of U-1, if U-1 is under 21 years of age.
V	Some spouses and minor children of Green Card holders · V-1: Spouse of a GC holder. To qualify, the petition must have been filed before December 21, 2000, and the petition must have been pending for at least three years. · V-2: Child of a GC holder. To qualify, the petition must have been filed before December 21, 2000, and the petition must have been pending for at least three years. · V-3: Child of a V-1, if it doesn't qualify as V-2.
Special non-immigrant visas
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization · NATO-1: Principal Permanent representative and resident members of official staff, and family members. · NATO-2: Other representative of member state and immediate family. · NATO-3: Official clerical staff and immediate family member. · NATO-4: Official of NATO who doesn't qualify as NATO-1, and immediate family. · NATO-5: Expert other than NATO official, and immediate family. · NATO-6: Member of civilian component, and dependents. · NATO-7: Servant or personal employee, and dependents.
TN	NAFTA visa · TN: Trade visa for Canadians and Mexicans. · TD: Spouse or child of TN. A TD can be from any country, as long as the TN is from Canada or Mexico.
TWOV	Status for passenger or Crew Member in transit without visa. This status is also known as C-4.
TPS	Temporary protect status. This is similar to refugee status for people from certain countries that were hit by disasters, such as earthquakes or hurricanes.
Application Pending	This is a special status that you may have if you file a non-frivolous application to change or extend your status, and your old status expires. For instance, let's say you arrived in the US with a tourist visa (B-2) on January 3, 2003. You now hold B-2 status, usually good for six months, until July 2, 2003. On June 25, 2003, you file an application to extend your status with all the proper paperwork, and a good reason for requesting the extension. That means, your application is not frivolous. In that case, your B-2 status would still expire on July 3. As of July 4, you would be considered to remain in status anyway until USCIS decides your application. Your new status would be "Application pending". Note: this is a bit simplified; there are some additional restrictions that only a competent attorney can explain in detail.

Arvind Kejariwal - Hero of modern India.

NOTE: My Blog was based on what i learnt about Arvind Kejriwal Ji till 2007, much before starting AAP. My blog to be considered to be stopped there. Not interested in AAP.

Arvind Kejriwal, The man fighting to enlighten citizens of India to know RTI(Right to Information) Act. Spreading awareness and training ordinary, poor to fight against corruption to secure transparency and accountability at all levels of government.

Some mile stones from Arvind’s life in brief :

* Born to an Engineer's family in 1968Hissar , Haryana .
* Graduate in Mechanical Engineering from IIT Kharagpur in 1989.
* worked for TATA steel for 3 years after graduation.
* joined IRS(Indian Revenue Services) as Joint-Commissioner in 1992 was posted at Income-Tax commissioner’s office at Delhi.
* Quit job in 2000 to start people’s movement PARIVARTAN along with Kailash Bhoruka and colnel Pandey.
* Awards :
Ashoka Fellow in 2004
Satyendra Dubey Award in 2005
Ramon megsaysay award in 2006

Aravin'd Mission : Make RTI available to all the citizens.

" Some people feel that if we had good politicians and bureaucrats, India would be a better place to live in. The real change would come when the people start demanding accountability and the government is forced to respond. Then it would not be easy for the governments to go astray. and there stands the RTI ,People's right to information . . Arvind Kejriwal "
How it started :

In 1992 when kejriwal joined in Indian Revenue Service [IRS] in office of Income-tax Commissioner's Office in Delhi. Within months, he began to be aware of the silent, collective extortionist machine that his department was running. Citizens were being denied the services that were their right. By withholding information, the department kept the public in darkness as to where their cases stood.

Rights existed on paper. But the process to access them was muddied by the civil servants. It is this that led to corruption, dependencies and backwardness. The malaise is not poverty of incomes but that of information. He now recalled the paradox of Haryana and the North East and understood what was common between them. What he discovered was not some great, subtle truth. It is obvious to anyone who thinks things through. The difference that Arvin Kejriwal, IRS made, was that he decided to do something to fight back the system he himself was a part of. He turned a mole.

Same time he met two co-conspirators with same ideas and thinking, The Kailash Bhoruka (A chartered accountant) and Colonel Pandey ( retd. Army). Arvind shared with them the ways of departments and procedures, several discussions in secret led to a evolved strategy, thus began the movement PARIVATHAN (The Change) in 2000.

First steps :

They decided to focus on five small doable areas. They also distinguished between mutual corruption and extortionist corruption. "When two people agree and indulge in give and take corruption it is very difficult to fight it. On the other hand, most people are routinely extorted for small, important services like getting the refunds that are their due, getting a PAN number allotted, getting authorities to act on appeals won etc. We decided to begin here. Says Arvind".

With Kejriwal prompting from the wings, a Parivartan team called on the Chief Commissioner of Income Tax. They presented a couple of simple suggestions to bring in transparency: for each application for a service, let there be a serial number, let applications be processed only in a strict queue and let the queue be published. In other words, remove the power of random picking. The Commissioner seemed open to the suggestions. Parivartan then publicised all over Delhi asking citizens not to pay bribes but to approach Parivartan with their applications which will be processed transparently in a queue. They collected 400 such applications and went back to the Commissioner.

They found he had turned hostile. He berated them for putting up banners and slogans that implied that his department was corrupt. He then asked the Parivartan team to leave. They did, but not to disappear. Instead, they petitioned the Public Accounts Committee, the Vigilance Commissioner and Manmohan Singh, a politician of renowned honesty. Under pressure, the department cleared the 400 applications- and promptly went back to its old ways.

Arvind muses: "The bureaucracy succeeds by tiring you, hoping that you will give up. Often we do. If at first we don't succeed, we wilt and blame the system. We must learn to fight in the courts, the offices and streets". Parivartan filed a public interest litigation seeking direction to the department that it implement a 5-point transparency programme.

By now their ranks had swelled. They had a rudimentary office with a phone. Manish Sisodia, a journalist with Zee News got the media to cover Parivartan's campaign. The Commissioner finally, reluctantly filed an affidavit in the court saying that an internal order had been passed along the suggested lines.

Kejriwal the mole, knew it was a lie. There was no such order. On 3rd July 2001, thirty volunteers of Parivartan sat in a peaceful satyagraha in the corridor outside the Chief Commissioner's office, seeking a copy of the order he had sworn to have issued. Pressured, he met them, made vague promises and sought a little more time. Finally, under threat of a larger group of volunteers offering satayagraha with full media in attendance, the Chief Commissioner was broken.

Hard times and lessons :

On the July 13, orders were issued to departmental heads. By Jan 18,2002 most of the suggestions had been implemented. Parivartan had scored a success, albeit a small one for which so much time and energy had to be expended. But that's the Indian reality. Out of such small battles are systems in a democracy reformed, inch by inch.

By now the Arvind Kejriwal had unmasked himself. He has since used every provision of the service rules to go on long leaves in order to work openly for Parivartan. He has been without a salary for three years now, running his family on his wife's earnings.

Parivartan has a free-wheeling structure. It is not an NGO nor a body registered with any authority. It is a mere Association of Persons, the loosest form permitted by law. It does not accept corporate funds, let alone foreign ones. Kejriwal says there are private donors for their costs.

It has a small core team of four modestly paid workers, most of them residents of Sundernagari and Seemapuri slums. Rekha Kohli, 26 is the publicist. Chander is the original phone boy, now looking after the office. Rajiv Sharma, 30 is a master strategist plotting campaigns. And finally there is 21 year old Santosh, a product of the slums, a great street organizer and campaigner for rights. They decide on the salaries they will take, beneath a ceiling of Rs 6000 per month.

The team realised how hard and long battles can be and the results so minuscule. Unless there was a campaign for fundamental, systemic change to make the bureaucracy more easily accountable, citizens will always weary and give up.

Parivartan never stepped back in fighting for the cause, Volunteers of parivartan attacked many a times, One of them even had her throat cut says, Arvind.

Motivator :

Aruna Roy, Also a ramon megsaysay award winner for community leadership for the ordinary people in rajasthan, with whom she worked for more than a quarter of century.

She too quit her job at civil services. Says, "the biggest crisis we face today is dwindling participation of people in the democratic framework and a system of governance cloaked in secrecy and devoid of accountability to the people. The right to information would give big leverage to the people." Which motivated Arvind much and made her his Hero.

Parivartan adopted the Jansunwai(Public hearing) model of Aruna roy expose cover-ups by contractors and collusion by elected officials in Sundernagari's streets. This was the first such implementation of use of RTI law by parivartan.

The Team :

The parivartan team has seven volunteers, Suchi, Manish Sisodia, Santosh, Ritu, Rajesh Rajiv and founder Arvind him self.

" There are no plans of expanding the team, but we want to encourage people to start their own NGS's . So far all of us used to feel helpless , we only criticized the governments and leaders but lets start questioning the government, Whn you give 10 rupees to your kid , you ask him what did he do with it similarly ask about your own colony, please try this out " adds Arvind.

Contacts :

Parivartan,
G-3/17, Sundernagari,
Nandnagari Extn.,
Delhi-110093
India.
Tele : +91-11-55254077, +91-11-20033988
E-mail : parivartan@parivartan.com, parivartan_india@rediffmail.com
Web : www.parivartan.com

Conclusion :
I was really impressed when i learnt about Mr. Arvind kejriwal, but when i think about similar steps for my own place where i grew up, where i live, I question my self Can I?? But Arvind 's story and successes are like adrenaline for every one to start working for brighter and better future of New India. saluting Arvind Kejriwal . . . .

Note : Thanks to goodnewsindia.com, parivartan.com
Apologies for improper editing and spelling mistakes.

How GOOGLE gooogles . .

Google Search Engine is owned by Google, Inc. www.google.com is primary website to invoke the google search engine. The largest search engine on the web , with its great features like fastness, great indexing, accuracy , multi lingual etc . . According to statistics, Google receives more than 500 million queries every day from across the globe through its various services.
Google’s Mission : Organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful".
The search engine :

Index size :

At its start in 1998, Google claimed to index 25 million web pages. By June 2005, this number had grown to 8 billion pages, as well as 17 million images, 1 billion Usenet messages, 6,600 print catalogs, and 4,500 news sources. Recently, Google claimed to index over 25 billion web pages and 1.3 billion images. After a controversy involving Yahoo's index size claims in summer of 2005, the number of indexed pages was removed from the Google home page.

Physical structure :

Google employs data centers full of low-cost commodity computers running a custom Red Hat Linux in several locations around the world to respond to search requests and to index the web. The server farms in the data centers are built using a shared nothing architecture. The indexing is performed by a program named Googlebot, which periodically requests new copies of web pages it already knows about. The more often a page updates, the more often Googlebot will visit. The links in these pages are examined to discover new pages to be added to its internal database of the web. This index database and web page cache is several terabytes in size. Google has developed its own file system called Google File System for storing all this data.

PageRank :

Google uses an algorithm called PageRank to rank web pages that match a given search string. The PageRank algorithm computes a recursive figure of merit for web pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. The PageRank thus derives from human-generated links, and correlates well with human concepts of importance. Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. In addition to PageRank, Google also uses other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists.

Search Results :

Google not only indexes and caches HTML files but also 13 other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, among others. Except in the case of text and SWF files, the cached version is a conversion to HTML, allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file.
Users can customize the search engine somewhat. They can set a default language, use "SafeSearch" filtering technology (which is on 'moderate' setting by default), and set the number of results shown on each page. Google has been criticized for placing long-term cookies on users' machines to store these preferences, a tactic which also enables them to track a user's search terms over time. For any query (of which only the 32 first keywords are taken into account), up to the first 1000 results can be shown with a maximum of 100 displayed per page.

Non-Web Sources of Data :

Despite its immense index, there is also a considerable amount of data in databases, which are accessible from websites by means of queries, but not by links. This so-called deep web is minimally covered by Google and contains, for example, catalogs of libraries, official legislative documents of governments, phone books, and more.

Google optimization :

Since Google is the most popular search engine, many webmasters have become eager to influence their website's Google rankings. An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites raise their rankings on Google and on other search engines. This field, called search engine optimization, attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings, and then develop a methodology for improving rankings.
As Google's algorithms and results have gained the trust of web users, commercial websites will profit from subverting these results by artificially inflating their rankings. Some search engine optimization firms have attempted to inflate specific Google rankings by various artifices, and thereby draw more searchers to their client's sites. One of Google's main challenges has been to weaken some of these attempts by reducing the ranking of sites known to use them.
Search engine optimization encompasses both "on page" factors (like body copy, title tags, H1 heading tags and image alt attributes) and "Off Page Optimisation" factors (like anchor text and PageRank). The general idea is to affect Google's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places "on page", in particular the title tag and the body copy (note: the higher up in the page, the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking). Too many occurrences of the keyword, however, cause the page to look suspect to Google's spam checking algorithms.
One "Off Page Optimisation" technique that works particularly well is Google bombing in which websites link to another site using a particular phrase in the anchor text, in order to give the site a high ranking when the word is searched for.
Google publishes a set of guidelines for a website's owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants.

Uses of Google :

A corollary use of Google — and other Internet search engines — is that it can help translators to determine the most common way of expressing ideas in the English language (and other languages). This is generally done by doing a 'count' of different variants, thereby establishing which expression is more common. While this approach requires careful judgement, it does improve the ability of non-native translators to use more idiomatically correct English expressions.

Google dance :

The Google dance refers to the period of time when the Google indexes are tuned. This will often cause both a fluctuation in index size as well a significant change in a web site's search result position.

Search engine features :

Besides the main search engine feature of searching for text, the search engine can be used as a mathematical problems solver, currency converter, dictionary and many others as well. These built-in search engine features are one of the reasons for the growing popularity of Google.[citation needed]

Search products :

In addition to its tool for searching webpages, Google also provides services for searching images, Usenet newsgroups, news websites, videos, searching by locality, maps, and items for sale online. In 2006, Google has indexed over 25 billion web pages, 1.3 billion images, and over one billion Usenet messages.[citation needed] It also caches much of the content that it indexes. Google operates other tools and services including Google News, Google Suggest, Froogle, Google Maps, Google Co-op and Google Desktop Search.
There are also products available from Google that are not directly search-related. Gmail, for example, is a webmail application, but still include search features; Google Browser Sync does not offer any search facilties, although it aims to organise your browsing time.

Google jargon :

To google
to search something using google (also, to seek information on someone by entering their full name or other information)
Googler
a person who uses Google's features very efficiently. Mostly uses the "I'm feeling lucky" button when searching. Fan of a google. 'Googler' is sometimes also used for "Expert Online Searcher". Also, a company term for a full-time google employee.
Nigritude ultramarine, SERPs, Seraphim Proudleduck, Mangeur de cigogne
SEO competitions
Google-proof
Search-phrase delivering exactly the intended result while searching with Google.
Sandbox Effect
The industry created name for a phenomenon that began in March 2004 in which Google seemingly filtered (from its results) any newly created websites. This was done to combat and filter search spam in which spammers were creating multitudes of sites for nefarious internet marketing purposes. Google reasoned that a valid site would progressively gain a natural link and content structure over time, and until the site could meet this 'trust threshold', it would be exempt from all but obscure search results.
Google bomb
An attempt to influence the ranking of a given site in results returned by the Google search engine. Accomplished by linking many sites to the target site with 'bomb' keywords used as the link text. Notable Google bombs: google search for miserable failure. ('Bomb' keywords are 'miserable failure'.) 'Bomb' refers to the effect of having massive amounts of links created for the sole purpose of increasing the rankings of a 'target' website for the bomb keywords. Slang: "We Google bombed George Bush's web site with 'miserable failure'. Also known as Google wash.
Googlewhack
A search using two dictionary-valid (underlined by Google) words that only results in one hit.

Google games :

• In Gwigle, learn advanced Google search tricks while going through the puzzles.
• In Googlewhack attempt to find two words that produce exactly one search result.
• In Google talk (not to be confused with Google Talk, Google's VoIP/IM service), google searches are used to complete a beginning of a sentence with words, leading to amusing or interesting results.
• In Googlefight, pit two keywords against each other to find which one has more results.
• In Guess The Google, attempt to guess which search term resulted in the displayed images.
• In Toogle, User can search images with the text of the search item making up the image. "The most comprehensive image buggery on the web"

Some thing, Some thing about LOVE . . .

Am I in LOVE?

It is a very common question, "How can I tell I'm in love?", but it is not an easy question to answer. What feels like love to one person may be nothing more than attraction to another. Some people fall in and out of love quickly and often while others are never really in love as much as they are in lust. This can get confusing when you are a teen because romantic love is a relatively new concept for you and you don't know what to expect. You are overwhelmed with all sorts of new feelings and social pressures. They are confusing. What is love? What makes you want a romantic relationship with one person and not another? How does your heart choose a partner? Why does love end? These questions can't be easily answered.

One of the most confusing quasi-love feelings is lust. Lust is a very powerful, very intense feeling of physical attraction toward another person. Lust is mainly sexual in nature - the attraction is superficial based on instant chemistry rather than genuine caring. Usually we lust after people we do not know well, people we still feel comfortable fantasizing about. It is very common for people to confuse lust for love. But why? What is it about lust and love that make them so easy to mix up? If lust is all about sex, how can a relationship without sex be about lust? Teens struggle with this because they see lust in the Biblical sense, but lust isn't that sinister. Lust is about physical attraction and acting ONLY on physical attraction. Love is about much more than that. Yet many teens (and to be fair, many adults) confuse an intense attraction for some sort if divine love. For teens, since feelings of attraction are still new and since pop-culture sells sex and love as one package, it is very easy to get the two mixed up.

Lust is clearly not love. Love is based on more than just physical attraction. Sure, attraction is a factor, but love goes deeper than that. Love is based on caring, friendship, commitment and trust. When you are in love it is as if you have your best most trusted friend at your side AND you feel physically attracted to them. It is the best of both worlds! Love is a shared feeling between two people who have a vested interest in one anothers happiness. Love is not about jealousy. It is not about conflict. It is not about testing. Love is a positive feeling. If it is tainted by mistrust, jealousy, insecurity or spitefulness it is not really love but merely a pale copy. Love is the total surrender of your heart to another person with the security of knowing they will treat it better than you will. Love should feel good. It should not feel bad. Love should make you want to be a better person, it should not lead you to do something self destructive. Love is not demanding of your spirit but lifts it and makes it glow. Love is a good thing. Anything less is lust, deep friendship or attraction. So the sappiness aside, the question remains, how can you tell you are in love?

There is no easy way to find the truth behind your feelings or the feelings of another person but there are some tell-tale signs that love is blooming (or growing deeper). If you agree with 7 of the following 9 statements you are probably in love.
1) You know, because you have been told by your significant other, that your deep feelings are returned in kind.
2) The object of your affections makes you feel special and good about yourself.
3) If/when you feel jealous it is always fleeting; you trust your partner not to betray you or hurt your relationship.
4) Nothing makes you feel as serene as when you and your partner are together.
5) When you fight with your partner you usually make up within a few hours and you always agree that nothing is more important than you both being able to express your true feelings (even if they sometimes cause conflict).
6) Your partner never asks you to choose between him/her and your loyalties to your family and friends - if you do choose him/her over them you always have a good reason and it is always YOUR decision, and your decision alone.
7) Neither you or your partner feel the need to test the other's loyalties or feelings.
8) You are more yourself when with your partner than you are with anybody else.
9) If sex is part of your relationship it is by mutual desire and agreement without the slightest hint of commitment testing or persuasion.

How To Know When It's Love :

You feel very strongly for another person and want to know if what you're feeling is the real deal. Ask yourself these difficult questions. Here's How:

d Ask yourself: 'Would I be willing to let her/him go if I believed it was the best thing?'
d Ask yourself: 'Am I willing to wait for this person if s/he is not ready to have sex?'
d Ask yourself: 'Would I feel the same way if s/he gained weight?'
d Ask yourself: 'Am I willing to sacrifice my dreams to allow her/his dreams to come true?'
d Ask yourself: 'Do I respect and admire her/him?'
d Ask yourself: 'Would I feel the same way if s/he got sick?'
d Ask yourself: 'If you two were in an argument, would you feel the same way?'

If you answered 'No' to any of these questions, think about why you gave that answer. Is it a lack of trust? Is it because you're afraid? Is it selfishness? Do you need more time to get to know each other?
If you answered 'Yes' to all of these questions, wow, you feel very strongly about this person. It sounds like you're in love!

Some Tips for "if you'r in love" :
1) If you're wondering if you're in love, this is often because you might base a decision on your answer. Be careful! Decisions should not be based just on the feeling of 'love'. You should also look at respect, commitment and trust.
2) Ask yourself what it means to you if you believe you're in love. Don't put pressure on yourself to define what you're feeling as love. And don't let anyone else pressure you either.
3) If you're not sure of the answer right now. Give it some time and ask yourelf these questions a few months or a year down the road. You might be surprised to see how your feelings change.

Top 10 Things you Oughta know about LOVE :

1) Love does not hurt. Physical and/or emotional abuse are not a part of love.
2) Love is not manipulative, it should not be used to get others to do what you want. You should never give in to demands based on the, "You would do it if you loved me!" tactic.
3) Love is an intense feeling of caring for another person. It can take many different forms (romantic, friendly, familial) but it is always about caring.
4) Although it is true that a big part of love is putting another person's happiness ahead of your own this never includes compromising your values or being untrue to yourself.
5) If somebody asks you to do something that you don't want to do in order to "prove" your love they do not love you the way you might think they do. When you love another person you don't ask them to sacrifice a part of themselves in the name of that love.
6) It is very easy to confuse lust for love. The true measure of romantic love is commitment and trust not physical attraction.
7) It is possible to feel romantic love for more than one person at a given time. Just think, if it is possible for you to love both of your parents at the same time why would it be impossible to feel romantic love for two people at once? Don't beat yourself up emotionally if you find yourself in this unhappy situation. But be sure to remain single and be open and honest with all parties about your feelings and confusion.
8) Sex is NOT love. Love is NOT sex. Sex can be a part of romantic love but it is never mandatory.
9) Romantic love can (and often does) fade. When it goes there is not always a reason. When somebody falls out of love with you it does not reflect upon your value as a person or your desirability.

10) Love should make you feel happy, secure and appreciated. . . .

thanks teenadvice.com

Che - - Man of the masses

Small article for people who want to know about Che . . .
“ I know you are here to kill me. Shoot, coward, you are only going to kill a man “ . . Che

Ernesto Che Guevara (14/Jun/1929 – 09/Oct/1967)

Ernesto Che Guevara was born on June 14 1929 in Rosario, an important town in Argentina. At the age of two Che had his first asthma attack, a disease which he later suffered a great deal while fighting against Batista troops in Sierra Maestra, and which did not let go of him till he was shot to death by Barrientos’ troops in the forests of Bolivia.

His father Ernesto Guevara Lynch, an engineer, was from a family of Irish descent, and his mother, Clia dela Sena, was an Irish-Spanish descent. When Che was three his family moved to Buenos Aires. Later, his asthma attacks had gotten so worse that the doctors advised him for a drier climate. Hence once again Guevara family moved, this time to Cordoba. Guavaras were a typical bourgeois family, and in terms of their political inclinations they were known to be liberal closer to left. During the Spanish civil war they had supported the Republicans. In time their financial situation worsened. Che started Dean Funes high school where he was being educated in English. In the meanwhile, he was also learning French from his mother. At the age of fourteen Che started reading Freud, he especially loved French poetry, and he had a great passion for Boudelaire’s works. When he was sixteen, he became an admirer of Neruda.

In 1944 Guevara family moved to Buenos Aires. They were having serious financial problems. Che started working while he was a student. He registered to medical school. In the early years of his study at the medical school he traveled throughout the northern and western Argentina, studying on leprosy and tropical diseases in the villages.

In his last year at the school, Che went on trip through the Latin America by motorbike with his friend Alberto Granadas. This gave him the chance to get to know better the exploited villagers of the Latin America. Che graduated from medical school as a doctor in March 1953 and decided to work in a leper colony in Venezuela. He was on his way to Venezuela when he was put to jail in Peru because of his earlier publication on the natives. When got out, he stayed in Ecuador for a while, where he met Ricardo Rojo, a lawyer. Meeting Ricardo turned out to be a turning point in Che’s life. He changed his mind of going to Venezuela, and instead went to Guatemala with Ricardo Rojo. When revolutionary Arbenz government was overthrown by a rightist coup, he took refuge in Argentina embassy. Soon afterword he joined the resistance he was forced to leave the Embassy. When it became too dangerous for him to stay in Guatemala, he went to Mexico. During his stay in Guatemala he had met Fidel Castro’s brother Raul as well as many Cuban exiles. In Mexico, he met Fidel Castro and his friends, and joined the Cuban revolutionaries. Later, he left for Cuba onboard the ship Granma and took part in the front lines till the end of the war. After the Revolution he, Colonel Ernesto Che Guevara, was assigned to the command of fort la Cabana in Havana. In 1959 he was given Cuban citizenship. Later he married a fellow comrade Aleida March. He was assigned to the presidency of the Institute of National Agricultural Reform, and of the National Bank of Cuba in 1959, by which he was given the financial responsibilities of the country.


In February 23rd, 1961, the Revolutionary Government of Cuba assigned Che as the head of newly established Ministry of Industry. However, during the Playa Giran battle he was again called for the command of the fort.

In the following years, his many visits to underdeveloped countries provided Che with a closer understanding of the exploited nations and the imperialists. This awakened the rebel in him. He decided to organize the peoples of other Latin American countries. In September of 1965, he left for the unknown countries. In October 3rd, 1965, Fidel Castro read Che’s famous farewell to the people of Cuba

....And the death caught up with him near Higueras in Bolivia. He was surrounded by Barrientos’ troops on the night of October 7th, 1967. Heavily wounded from his leg, and he was locked up in a school in Higueras. Never he bowed to anyone. Nine bullets fired by Mario Turan, a murderer for Barrientos.

...Che died on October 9th , 1967. A golden chapter came to an end . . . . . .

Some of Che's Famous Quotes/Sayings :

** We cannot be sure of having something to live for unless we are willing to die for it.
** Hasta la victoria siempè! (Until victory always -- Struggle until victory forever!)
** If you tremble indignation at every injustice then you are a comrade of mine.
** Words that do not match deeds are unimportant.
** Cruel leaders are replaced only to have new leaders turn cruel!
** I know you've come to kill me. Shoot, coward, you're only going to kill a man. - Ernesto Che Guevara (just before he was shot and murdered)


The spanish movie Diarios de motocicleta aka The Motorcycle Diaries (USA) released in 2004 shows the Che's early youth and the incidents changed Che life.